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"Modern port knocking also incorporates secure cryptographic hashes."

Are you referring to fwknop? Thats not "port knocking" but Single Packet Authorization. That is very different from port knocking.

How can one incorporate secure cryptographic hashes with simple port knocking?

I believe the author is comparing their method against just the naive port knocking approach

yes thats correct. Should have stated that in the headline

"The example shows you opening port 80 (HTTP standard port)"

that's because I run my ssh on port 80, but that's not standard, so I agree that it's confusing. Thanks for pointing it out. I will fix it :)