Note: In non-Safari (e.g. Firefox) browser nothing happens when you click the button. You must use Safari directly.
Install process is as follows:
1. You visit the page and click the button.
2. You get a prompt, and need to confirm. You may also not get a prompt.
3. Go to the iOS Settings and below the first section (profile section) there is a button to give permission to a new app store.
4. Then you return to the browser and click the button again, and the app store installs and appears on your home screen.
The iOS Settings app also has a search bar that you can use to find every submenu... Except for the "App Installation" subsection where you have to approve/manage alternative app stores.
Surely just a regrettable oversight by a singular engineer that unfortunately made it past QA. And that also wasn't caught when they reorganized a lot of the subsections for the iOS 18 beta. Unlucky. :)