https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strip_photography
Early film versions used a highspeed spinning slit aperture to film fast objects. This paper from 1931 shows some very impressive results for ballistics, including the shockwave: https://royalsocietypublishing.org/doi/pdf/10.1098/rspa.1931...
Outside sports, digital line scan cameras are used in various quality control applications (objects on conveyer belts, vehicle mounted road/rail scanners, etc). This unit can film an 8k px strip at a rate of 80khz.