The PDF format does actually let documents instruct PDF processors to disallow printing [0]; Acrobat Reader (if nothing else) presumably respects these instructions, even though they're obviously possible to work around.
[0] e.g., https://opensource.adobe.com/dc-acrobat-sdk-docs/pdfstandard..., p. 123, Table 3.20, "User access permissions", and probably others that I can't find right now