There are a number of 40+ foot boats with centerboards, e.g., the Wellington 44 (first that came to mind). Rudders removable underway are less common, but not unknown. Additional rudders like you might find on a non-integrated autonav/windvane system can frequently be moved out of the water. Same with emergency rudders. Still, non-standard language here.

You may be interested to know about the annual trans-atlantic rowing races, where crews compete on boats as small as 6m (Rannoch 10 solo) to cross from the Canaries to Antigua. 40+ crews of 1-5 are scheduled to compete this year.

Not quite 10 foot dinghies, but still impressive in a "mildly unhinged" way. Nothing but respect for these folks.