Many in the Clojure community believe that occasionally validating maps against a schema "at the boundaries" is good enough. In practice, I have found this to be insufficient. Nearly every Clojure programmer I know has had to "chase nils" as a result of a map no longer including a key and several functions passing down a nil value until some function throws an exception. (Note: I don't specify which exception, because it depends on how that nil value gets used!)
Refactoring Clojure code in general is a nightmare, and I suspect it is why many in the community are reluctant to change code in existing libraries and build entirely new things in parallel instead. Backwards compatibility is one often-cited reason, but I do think another reason is that refactoring Clojure code creates an endless game of bug fixing unless you have full test coverage of your codebase and use generative testing everywhere. (I've never seen a Clojure codebase with both of these things. I can count on one hand the number of Clojure codebases where generative testing is used at all).
Function spec instrumentation provides something that feels like runtime type checks in Common Lisp, but now you have to manually run certain functions at the REPL just to ensure some change in your codebase did not introduce a type error.
On the flip side, Java has things like DTOs which always felt too boilerplate-ish for me (though at least it provides useful names for endpoint data when generating Swagger/OpenAPI documentation). Even then, records in Java provide what are essentially maps with type safety and similar characteristics as DTOs.
I think the structural typing offered by languages like OCaml and TypeScript provide exactly what I'd want in Clojure. But when faced with feature requests in Clojure, people will state something like "I have never had a use-case for X, therefore you don't need X". In the case of criticisms, the response is often "I may have ran into X before, but it's so rare that I don't consider it a problem".