Hate to say that but it works for me. I am using the largest regular* font size on an iPhone SE and there's no issue on the exact same page in the weather app.

Perhaps OP is using one of the extra-large font sizes hidden behind the "Larger Accessibility Sizes" toggle. It can be expected users at that font size value accessibility over aesthetics. As screen space is limited there is of course a point where things start to look broken.

The weather app could include a TV or clock-like layout for extra-large text sizes but that doesn't really fly with Apple's UI/UX consistency.