Does decades of empirical evidence not prove that people are more comfortable with imperative, curly brace programming over s-expressions? It's not a chicken and egg problem. The egg has hatched and nested parentheses lost.
There are lisp dialects that are very imperative, for example elisp, but they still use S-expressions. Historically they might have been considered “functional” because they have first-class functions and higher-order functions like mapcar, but nowadays practically every modern programming language (except go!) has these.
The thing all lisp dialects have in common is not where they land on the imperative vs. functional spectrum, but rather the fact that the syntax is trivial and so it’s easy to write powerful macros.
Code is communication, and communication needs redundancy for error correction. You can see it in natural languages, and it makes sense to have it in programming languages as well. Using different kinds of syntax for expressing different ideas is an easy way to increase redundancy without making the code more verbose.
Then the AI Winter killed it and people avoided it like the plague.
Today's cruft like you ... Python, JS, whatever ... would not stand a chance in the world of the 1980s on that hardware.
It's amazing how far they were able to bloat up Lisp while continuing to peddle it commercially.
Leaner Lisps running on small systems existed all along, but they would rescue Lisp from the associations brought about by big Lisp.
This is what fascinates me about Unix, they created an OS which works with text and processes, as opposed to binary structures and function calls when computers were hundreds of times slower. Even today the overhead of process creation and serialization for pipes is not negligible, how the hell did they manage to do it in 1970s?
It s weird people prefer reading implicit text.
What has happened in reality is that C became really popular and then all the people designing languages they wanted to be popular, rather than to be experimental, or to push boundaries, etc obviously chose a syntax which was familiar with most programmers, ie a syntax like C’s.
Further, one can disprove that the syntax is particularly important by simply pointing to Python which became immensely popular despite a lack of curly braces and even worse with significant white space simply because colleges and bootcamps decided it would be a good language to teach programming to beginners.
I would argue the important part are the blocks in the former two, which sort of gets lost in the homogeny of lisps. Whether a block is marked with curly braces or indents doesn’t matter much - they being dissimilar to a regular expression does. Of course well-formatted lisp code tries to indent as well, but still there is a lot of visual noise there making it harder to visually inspect the code, I would guess.
Of course familiarity with a given way is significantly more important. We pretty much learnt the non-intuitive writing of math, to Chinese people their writing system is the intuitive one, etc.
static char _getch() {
char buf;
if (read(0, &buf, 1)) return buf;
return '\0';
}
(define _getchar ()
(declare static)
(return-type 'char)
(let ((buf (char)))
(if (read 0 (& buf) 1)
buf
"\0")))It also responds to a few parents up "almost all of the innovations in lisp [...] have been absorbed into more popular languages" - pervasive interactivity hasn't even been taken up by some "Lisps", let alone has it been absorbed outside Lisp.
some time ago I tried Racket, and just no. recently I tried Scala ZIO HTTP, and yes.
Maybe it's the types? Maybe it's the parens. But probably both. I cannot really recall my experience, just that manipulating code was ridiculously clunky. My assumption was that the IDE will manage the parens for me and when I'm moving something somewhere it'll figure out if I messed up the parens.. and ... no, nothing. I had to balance them with hand.
It says nothing about what makes a language easy to learn.