I don't know if they somehow depend on external video drivers or printer drivers or font engines or what.
But what you're describing sounds exactly par for the course to me.
There were a couple of years when everything I printed to PDF on my Mac looked right, but if you selected the text and copied and pasted it, it was gibberish, because it inexplicably shuffled all the character codepoints.
I forget what they called it, but that was a feature touted by Adobe and others a few years ago as a sort of pseudo-DRM. I have encountered many pdfs like that years ago, and think many pdf readers nowadays have features to undo the text scrambling.
But this was just printing from Chrome and using the macOS built-in Save to PDF in the printer dialog.
This was a straight-up bug which I filed with Chromium but there was nothing they could do because it was a bug in macOS.
It did finally get fixed after a couple of years by Apple.