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Chunks of ice falling off the sides of the ship where the cryogenic fuel caused atmospheric water to freeze onto it.

that is mostly ice. The propellent is super chilled so ice forms on the whole outside of the rocket, and then comes off during the launch and in flight.

You can also see this on the Atlas 5 + starliner launch from yesterday to a lesser degree

I'm sort of surprised nobody has mentioned this. The ice is all gone at this altitude, and nothing seems to have started falling apart yet.

Those might be satellites reflecting the light from the engines.

Ice is formed by vents on the rocket itself, too.

Ice of some sort

Heat tiles and or ice falling off