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By default you can set the "lost mode" message. many people put their contact info into it, in case someone wants to be helpful. This is how these scammers get this info. There is no other way to get the icloud contact info from a phone with a PIN/password.

“Mark As Lost locks your screen with a passcode and lets you display a custom message with your phone number to help you get it back. You can also remotely erase your device if needed. Your custom message continues to display even after the device is erased.”

https://support.apple.com/en-us/108794

I assume they just eject the SIM card tray and get your phone number from the SIM by simply putting it into another phone.

This person seems to be from the USA and it's an iPhone 14 Pro. The iPhone 14 Pro sold in the USA does not have a SIM card slot. It's eSIM only.