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The in-depth information on the website appears to be this link:

https://www.grc.com/files/technote.pdf

Which, while not directly dated in the content of the document, references a "screaming Pentium II 333 MHz", which would theoretically put it ~1998. Is the claim that operating at a "low level" on hard drives in 1998 is the same as in 2024?

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the simplest explanation for what spinrite does that I have heard is that on spinning rust drives, it simply tries to access the same bad data over and over until it finally (sometimes) gets a result. which makes sense that it would work (sometimes) because hard drives that are going bad tend to do so intermittently.

This is more or less also what (GNU) ddrescue does[0]. It first tries to do a linear copy of the full disk, skipping any errors, then goes back and tries to re-read the error sectors until you either cancel or it succeeds. It also keeps track of everything it's doing so you can stop and start the process without it redoing work.

[0]https://www.gnu.org/software/ddrescue/manual/ddrescue_manual...

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