I wish there was some way that you could configure a C++ compiler to just disable certain features of the language, or enforce good practices.

But that's already what linters/static analyzers are doing? But then, why not integrate those tools directly in a C++ compiler instead?

With cpp2/cppfront, Herb Sutter is already building some sort of a "sane" subset of the C++ language, maybe because you cannot achieve good practices without having a new syntax.

C++ seems to have the same problem of javascript: it has annoying "don't-do-that" use cases, although it seems insanely more complicated to teach good C++ practices.