I see that. My point is that if the captured energy is used, and thus ultimately dissipated as heat, on the planet's surface, that planet is sooner than later going to have climatic imbalance.
First, the Earth already receives a ton of energy from the Sun that is "wasted". We estimate that at about 10^16 Watts of power, compared to humanity's energy usage, estimated at 10^10-10^11 watts. So Earth has a ton of energy dissipiation "built in" that we're not "using".
Second, there is some inefficiency and thus heat dissipation in converting solar output into usable energy. Doing that in space means a bunch of heat dissipation happens in space rather than on your planet.
Third, it's relatively straightforwward to counter any increased heat dissipation on your planet by reducing that solar output that hits your planet. How? You build something at the EArth-Sun L1 Lagrange point. Reducing that solar output that hits the EArth by 1% would likely be unnoticeable to us but could cool the Earth significantly. Also, what do you build there? Well, lots of things. More orbitals, solar power collectors, etc.
Fourth, how do you get power down to a planet? There are several candidates. One is to beam it down. This adds a conversion cost. But here's another: you build a n orbital ring [1] 100-150km above the EArth's surface. There are a ton of reasons you'd want to do this: interplanetary travel, cheap travel to and from LEO and easier travel across the planet (ie up to the ring, down to another point on Earth on cable cars, basically). But consider this: it gives you a rigid structure to attach solar power collectors to and you can run power transmission cables down from the ring to the planet's surface.
Looks like 1% would be 13.3 watts per meter, cross section of earth yields ~5.4x10^14 watts. Assuming perfect reflective, multiplying by 2/c gives 3.6x10^6 N. So like half of the thrust of one of Saturn V’s engines? So… a lot of reaction mass, or some really powerful ion engines and a ton of power. So maybe not the most practical idea.
But there's another option: statites [1]. Statites are solar power collectors that have an incredibly thin sail to the point that they don't need to orbit the Sun at all. This means you have a bunch more options for positioning. Clearly the Earth will continue to revolve around the Sun but a sufficient swarm of statites on the EArth's orbital plane could have the same net effect as, say, driving beneath a bunch of stationary umbrellas.
Or statites can themselves do station-keeping at L1. They can angle themselves to provide momentum in a bunch of directions. Or they can orbit the L1 point similar to how JWST orbits L2. Their ability to use the solar wind for directional momentum could satisfy station keeping needs.
Besides the unstable nature of L1, my main concern was actually mitigating the light pressure of the light being blocked, in order to not be blown earthward, but I guess that’s not really considering that these things could manipulate their solar sails/shades like the statites you’re mentioning.
Which is why you can't hide, anyone who aims their instruments on your system will detect the heat and see that the star is obstructed.
that kind of technology probably takes hundred of thousands of years of technological development and we have had electricity for how long?
Thus the question still stands, what happens to heat in such thing? Does it get recycled by some unknown device? Then it is closed system, you don't need input from outside. It won't get recycled? Then such device needs to get hot from dissipating that heat.
that sounds like a made up problem. the Dyson swarm isn't to collect energy to send to the home planet. it's to collect energy. where that is used is going to be wherever it's needed. mining the asteroids, local computing (the cloud is no longer just a computer on earth, it's the cloud of the swarm elements), powering interstellar trips remotely, etc. the only thing that needs to get to earth is the imports of goods and services.
A Dyson sphere would capture the sun's energy that leaves the sun, not just the fraction that hits earth. Using that energy on earth would release far more heat than our current activities.
Human activities that convert other energy into heat don't particularly impact this process, the amount of energy from the sun is much larger.