I imagine some kind of numbered, curated list of radio achievements that would be a mini-lesson on gear needed, antennae, frequencies covered, theory and what the goal is.
Or maybe they're more like Scout badges.
Anyway, I have drifted in and out of a fascination with radio. When I drift toward it I often find I am quickly in over my head — or rudderless.
My thing is HF contesting. Scratch building antennas is also a kick.
If you are interested in radio, find a club. They will help you get oriented.
Yes, this is widespread. The ARRL in the US tracks such achievements. A simple example that comes to mind is Worked All States[1]. But that's just one: there are contests, events, records, etc. If you want to put your callsign on a list somewhere there are lots of opportunities.
Just having a callsign in the first place is the start of it. Those are usually assigned by whatever national government you live under. And they typically have grades: Technician, General and Extra in the US, for example.
[1] https://www.arrl.org/AWARDS [2]https://skccgroup.com/ [3] http://naqcc.info/challenges_rules.html