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If you use a font that supports OpenType maths, you can just put MathML in your HTML and modern browsers will render it.

MathML can be generated from LaTeX with pandoc or latexml.

MathML seems to be forgotten. I don't recommend writing it by hand, but you don't need any JS to present it.

Are `<img>`, SVG, and fonts not enough?

Thanks, but I have no idea. I never tried generating SVG from LaTeX. Others suggested MathML, some tools, and OpenType math fonts, so I'm going to try that route first.

Thanks folks. Your replies are very helpful. I'll take a look at MathML, pandoc, and LaTeXML. Writing MathML from scratch looks tedious, but pandoc and/or LaTeXML might be just the thing to make a conversion easy.

What about exporting to mathml?

https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/MathML

KaTeX supports server side rendering to an html string. If you do this, the client only needs to load the css component of katex, and not the js component.

I believe MathJax has a similar capability.