Not that it was an official licensed product, but for what it's worth, there was a DS flashcart that bundled a significantly faster CPU than the DS's own - the SuperCard DSTWO [1]. The extra CPU (Ingenic Jz4740, MIPS) was primarily used for GBA emulation on DS/DSi systems without the need for a GBA slot passthrough flashcart, as was otherwise required - though there was a quite successful homebrew scene around it at the time as well, up to and including stuff like a (proof of concept) port of a PS1 emulator [2].
It was a surprisingly impressive device! The only downsides, as I recall, were the increased battery drain and the fact that the DS Slot-1 bus was only fast enough to allow streaming video output from the cartridge to the system's displays at ~45FPS, irrespective of the rate that the emulator was actually running at internally.
[1] https://wiki.gbatemp.net/wiki/SuperCard_DSTWO [2] https://gbatemp.net/threads/how-to-play-ps1-games-on-your-ds...
It's called the Didget blood glucose monitoring system, and I found it here: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Nintendo_DS_accessorie...
1: perhaps more perfect analogy will be socketing ROM as its own chiplet if that ever made sense
https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guitar_Hero:_On_Tour#Gamepla...
Edit: a better picture of it in action, https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Guitar-hero-on-tour-ds-...