Cosmic rays streamed through Earth's atmosphere 41k years ago
phys.org
phys.org
If this was a basis of a movie plot I would think how stupid the movie is. Apparently it was normal for earth to have more than two magnetic poles before earth core started to solidify [0]. Was earth core composed of multiple elements where each had two magnetic poles?
Also somewhat relevant wiki articles: Geomagnetic excursion [1], Laschamp event [2] and Geomagnetic reversal [3].
[0] https://www.popularmechanics.com/science/environment/a21528/... [1] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geomagnetic_excursion [2] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laschamp_event [3] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geomagnetic_reversal
Sure, some events in the OT probably happened, but if I go by how much I exaggerate sometimes when telling a story, the Great Flood probably was just a dam that broke it's banks or something. Also doesn't help that every major culture that's old enough has a Great Flood in their history somewhere. It's almost like it's a TV trope of the ancient times.
Nothing in the OT can be ascribed to christianity alone. Things were much more... "fluid" then, and the concept of organised religion did not exist. Things happened, and people blamed the gods/demons/monsters/spirits/forefathers. Only after the fact were these stories appropriated by organised religion for whatever purpose or reason.
Folks living 100s of years: maybe they lived 100s of full moons, or seasons? Maybe the number was rounded up with every retelling to make the subject of the story appear more heroic? There is just no way that we can ever filter out the fact from the fiction in these old books I think.
I know you're trying to argue that this is evidence that humans are prone to pass on exaggerated stories about floods, but if there really was an ancient worldwide flood then we would expect most cultures to have a story about it. That is, without further details, the prevalence of such stories worldwide is evidence for an actual worldwide flood, not evidence against it.
It's only one of the many patterns that recur in prehistoric religion, and those aren't indicative of a physical constant either. Well, maybe the constant is our brains.
Consider: if there were few other stories of great flood around the world, we would take this as evidence against a worldwide floor. So if there are such stories, it's evidence for.
Lloyd Bailey wrote an interesting (non-peer reviewed) paper on the subject, "Biblical Math as Heilsgeschichte?"[1] and Ben Stanhope in "(Mis)Interpreting Genesis"[2] covers it as well.
[1] https://drmsh.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/12/Bailey-Biblical...
[2] https://www.amazon.com/Mis-interpreting-Genesis-Creation-Mis...
Why would it have been different back in the day? Many people suck at accepting that bad things happen without cosmic reason.
We can make it to the road in a homemade boat
That's the only thing we got left that'll float
It's already over all the wheat and the oats
It goes something like, God selected a righteous person to help humanity survive the flood. He has this individual built a big ship in which humanity and animals can survive. The only difference in the story is that God took a form of small fish which grew larger as the flood date came close. In the end it became so big that it was able to steer the big ship during flood waves.
I love speculating on the origin of the flood myths. My personal favorites are long-lasting oral traditions about the Black Sea flood and the Persian Gulf flood, both of which were rapid, catastrophic large-scale floods of large areas that were previously settled by humans. Sadly, the true origin is probably a lot more banal -- the oldest surviving fragmentary literary evidence refers to the specific city that flooded, Shuruppak, or modern Tell Fara. There is indeed a significant flood layer there (60cm of alluvial sand!) at about the right time (2900BC), but this was left by a normal river avulsion that created a violent but local flood.
Some things just off the top of my head: Much of the story is probably a polemic (or has polemical qualities), it ties into the Genesis 6:4 Watcher theology (and much of the Second Temple period literature on the subject), and... the description of the ark has some translational issues that we rarely touch on. In particular, we have no idea what "gopherwood" is. Or if it's even a wood. Most probably it was thatching.
Note that the oldest attested Indic people lived to the west of the Iranian plateau. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitanni
I forget count, but it was hundreds, every culture around the world has a flood myth.
Something happened, people speculate on melting ice, tidal waves, or something.
Stories are passed down for a long time, maybe this magnetic field switch had something to do with the stories..
There's no accident in my mind that in Revelation, the beast that rises up from the sea has 7 heads, because that's how Leviathan/Litanu was traditionally pictured in the Semitic cultures of the day (7 heads). Psalm 74 uses the plural for "heads" when speaking on Yahweh crushing them, though it never numbers them. Likely the imagery was a common cultural motif, so the numbering wasn't necessary for the readers to understand.
Leviathan likely represents a northwest Semitic chaos deity in opposition to Yahweh and is more or less the embodiment of evil that is destroyed in the eschaton, but this is probably speculative. I think there are strong arguments in favor of it, however.
Noah and Manu have the same characters and exact 'screenplay' in quite detail (only difference being the fish). Those who wrote the characters of Noah and Manu probably had same ancestors or the story travelled between Levant and Indus region.
It is the only the story from vedic writings that matches from the Hebrew bible. Other than this story as far as I know all Hindu texts differ.
They can't have the same ancestors because one is of aryan lineage and the other is of semitic lineage.
It's more likely these cultures and peoples borrowed from the same story.
There's a lot of bonkers theology that rose to popular culture during that time period. Incidentally, it's also when Gog/Magog were ascribed to Russia (because of the Cold War), and if you read the papers by Dr. Paul Tanner on the subject, it becomes quite clear that the extent of exegesis performed basically amounts to cross-linguistic homophones—that is, that one of the regions (princes?) listed in Ezekiel, Rosh, happens to sound like the Indo-european root "Rus." Therefore, obviously, it's Russia... Facepalm.
I'm a Christian, and I lean more toward Dr. John Walton's view of Genesis 1, that it was intended as a functional description of the created order. We forget that the culture that produced the Bible was vastly different from our own, and the Israelites saw things as "uncreated" if they served no purpose. That is, the idea of nihility (or creation ex nihilo) are modern ideas that we have imposed on the text in order to satisfy a narrow reading of scripture. Even if you're not a believer, as one of my sibling comments suggests, the oral tradition itself seems to capture events from the end of the last period of glaciation.
But to assume people lived for 100s of years despite the fact we know almost nothing about the period during which the primordial history (Genesis 1-11) was authored (and we know little about how/when it was redacted, though most probably during the Exile) is naive. The ages most likely conveyed some meaning themselves, because the early Israelites were much less interested in exacting chronology than we are.
Here's an example: Sarah is said to have lived 127 years. Interestingly, 7 being the number of completeness/perfection in Israelite culture and 120 (or 110) representing the same in early Egyptian culture seems to convey the idea that she lived the "perfect" (or "complete") life as both an Egyptian and Israelite woman. This may be stretching the numerology somewhat, but if you step outside YEC material, there is some scholarship that makes a pretty strong case for this reading.
Variations in cosmogenic radionuclides like beryllium-10 provide an independent proxy of how Earth's paleomagnetic intensity changed.
Indeed, Panovska found that the average production rate of beryllium-10 during the Laschamps excursion was two times higher than present-day production, implying very low magnetic field intensity and lots of cosmic rays reaching Earth's atmosphere.
Specifically, I'd guess, that twice as many cosmic rays reached the surface, at that location, than the mean present day average that reach the surface. *The location hedging is due to:
magnetic field excursions, brief periods in which the intensity of the magnetic field wanes and the dipole (or two magnetic poles) that we're familiar with can disappear, replaced with multiple magnetic poles. The Laschamps excursion that occurred around 41,000 years ago is among the best studied. It features a low magnetic field intensity that implies less protection for Earth's surface from harmful space rays.
So the magnetic sheilding in the upper atmosphere and further out "in space" had 'holes' and was not like the 'modern' IGRF.The Earth still had a denser lower atmosphere, though, which also provides protection from cosmic rays - geophysical air surveys for ground radiometrics have to calibrate for cosmic rays by running "stacks" .. survey lines high up in the air and prgressivel closer to the ground in order to estimate the cosmic falloff with atmospheric density for the duration of the ground survey.
* "twice as many* is also a hand wave, cosmic ray energy has a spectrum and the changed geomag field would bend the pass through spectrum and likely allowed more high energy gamma's through .. the end result was the doubling of the creation of a proxy indicator.
The earth magnetic field has no shielding effect on gamma rays at all (which are photons), only on charged particles (protons, electrons and their heavier variants: muons and hypothetically tau leptons but IDK if there are any of them in cosmic rays)
It's these particle belts which filter cosmic rays (gamma radiation) and as the magnetic field fluctuates so too does the spectrum of high energy gamma radiation that makes it through the charged particle shielding, which is further filtered by the atmosphere.
You're correct that there's no direct magnetic transformation of the incoming gamma spectrum, I was casually referencing the very real indirect effect.
Do you have any source for that? (Google couldn't help)
Low density but a lot of particles, many with high energy, sourced mostly from solar ejection, with cosmic particle and cosmic gamma strikes on the upper atmosphere sourcing a significant chunk of additional charged particles for the inner belt, and both receiving decay particles from cosmic high energy gamma and cosmic charged particles strikes on particles already within the belts (at a proportionatly lower rate than those from upper atmosphere interaction).
It's a Pachinko game, the density is low but the strikes do happen.
The effect I refer to is studied on again | off again (eg: iirc, Robert Forward looked at "draining the Van Allen belts" to remove charged particles and there were papers looking at the sheilding factor for cosmic that would be lost) but largely tossed in as an "and also" .. eg:
https://science.nasa.gov/science-research/earth-science/eart...
our magnetosphere shields us from erosion of our atmosphere by the solar wind (charged particles our Sun continually spews at us), erosion and particle radiation from coronal mass ejections (massive clouds of energetic and magnetized solar plasma and radiation), and cosmic rays from deep space.
Most of the focus tends to be on the cosmic charged particles with mass rather than the massless photons.I admit I've largely only concerned myself with the fall off of the gamma spectrum through the atmosphere, but I've had past discussions with some on the fall off of the (cosmic) gamma spectrum as it approaches Earth and figure there must be papers on this about.
The Chandra X-ray Observatory calibration procedure papers would likely be our best bet for a good source, the satellite has an eccentric obit ( Perigee altitude 14,307.9 km, Apogee altitude 134,527.6 km ) which puts it fully outside the denser high energy inner belt but half in | half out the less dense outer belt.
There would have to be a procedure to factor out the variation in "local" X-Ray events as it moves about the planet in order to sharpen the data from the two Grating Spectrometers
However, Chandra I know something about: it needs densities over three orders of magnitude larger than what is found in the Van Allen belt to even detect absorption lines, so that the belt would do anything important at all to the gamma ray continuum is just impossible.
Howy Jacobs in Nature labelled the book as semi-fictional with the majority of the information "the accounts of the imagined lives" of human ancestors. He commented: "All this made me feel that I was reading someone's school project, with influences from The Flintstones cartoon series, rather than a treatise by a leading academic."
The wikipedia summary didn't give a time frame for the book events, however the Laschamp event was 42 thousand years before prest .. after the settling of coastal and much of inland Asia, Australia, etc.It seems a little near in time for a literal bottleneck of seven women's genetics, I feel even Bryan Sykes would have pushed back his dating of the seven clan mothers further than a mere 42 kyears.
The bottleneck was figurative. No actual bottle was involved.
(I have five figures of karma with which to fight this battle).
The "7 women" does not mean anything like "only 7 women existed at the time". Particularly:
* other women existed who only had sons, or whose daughters only had sons, etc. See https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galton%E2%80%93Watson_process (about surname extinction, which is basically the same thing other than sex-specific polygamy effects)
* other tribes existed (or split off) who later faced extinction due to being outcompeted by these 7 tribes.
The word got misused so many times that Oxford modified the definition, and the wrong way is now right, by consensus.
Ah, the joys of a living language.
I'll see myself out.