Financial entitlements, such as to various medical services, higher welfare rates, reduced tax rates. (I've heard a psychologist flat out admit to giving people a diagnosis based wholly on the medical services they wanted them to receive, not based on if they actually qualified for the diagnosis)
Accommodations, such as extra time on tests, a more comfortable working environment, more attention and time having school staff attend to them.
Affirmative action schemes.
Exclusion from military drafts.
Extra leeway in social situations in general - in specific ways.
Entitlements. The fact of having a right to something. Privledges. Special treatment. A benefit granted by law or custom.
Now I am not suggesting that being diagnosed with a disability in fact makes your life better and easier on merit of having all these wonderful entitlements. If you talk to disabled people a lot you will notice what a lot of them stress how they don't want special treatment and make a point of independence. There's reason for that. Nevertheless, people often THINK these sort of entitlements would be very helpful for a person, since superficially entitlements seem awesome when you aren't yet thinking of second order effects.