I can definitely tell 30 vs 60 vs 120fps when moving a mouse cursor for example.
For flickering LED light bulbs (120/100hz) I usually notice during a rapid head movement that something is off. Or that the light is blindly bright to look at while at the same time what it illuminates doesn't feel as bright as it should be. I learned to assume that it means the light is flickering, because I can easily use my phone to record a slow motion video for confirmation.