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X11 and Wayland aren't involved with text mode. The kernel implements its own framebuffer: https://www.kernel.org/doc/html/latest/fb/fbcon.html

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Thanks, but how does Linux kernel ensures that it can talk to all framebuffer devices out there? Does it come with a generic implementation that all GPU vendors support?

There indeed is a standardized interface provided via EFI: https://docs.kernel.org/fb/efifb.html

Generic as in, as long as there is UEFI to talk to, good luck outside x86 ecosystem.

Outside the old PC BIOS modes up to VESA, there isn't such thing as a generic implementation for all GPU vendors.

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