Network calls are the biggest source of asynchronously queued execution, but you can find models where you have it on a local machine too with multiprocessing. A trivial silly non-network single-machine example might be something like unpacking compressed files than doing [thing] with their contents - maybe you have enough CPU to do them in parallel, but you don't want to blow up your disk by unpacking all of them with no throttling. Even in your lexer/parser example if you wanted to parallelize those steps with a queue in between them, in theory you could have such a huge input that you ran out of memory... in practice, nah, that's not very likely the way you'd do it, or a problem you'd have.
Sometimes "just drop things" or "just make the slow part faster" still aren't really easy/feasible/acceptable even without distributed systems.
I dunno if I'd really call it something like this like the linked article, though "But other forms of backpressure can happen too: for example, if your software has to wait for the user to take some action."