Butterflies Full of Wasps Full of Microwasps Are a Science Nightmare (2021)
atlasobscura.com
atlasobscura.com
Perhaps the most hyper-diverse group of animals in the world are the chalcid or jewel wasps. They don't sting, they lay their eggs in others, including others eggs (some eggs of things so small they were only recently proven to be the hosts), as parasitoids (things that kill their hosts). They are everywhere, it's trivial to catch them on any front lawn with the right techniques, yet the vast majority of people would never know they are there. The broader lineage include some species smaller than the largest amoebas.
If you want to see ecology in a nutshell look at fig wasps, absolutely insane, soldier-like males, blind, wingless, ant-like males of other species, variable length ovipositors that let them exploit all different micro-micro areas of a fig. Multiple inter-dependent species on one species of Fig? Sure, why not. It goes on ad-nauseam.
https://chalcid.org/ for a classic picture in our field.
What impresses me the most is that the wasps are not trained to do that. They appear to "just know" what to do. Wow.
And, quite seriously, the existence of this type of horrific parasitism precludes the existence of any sort of benevolent god in my mind. It's easy to imagine a million different universes where this sort of abysmal torture doesn't exist, and it only makes sense in the view of "uncaring" evolution.
If you were to ascend to the heavens and obtain dominion over all of the universe, would you spend your time meandering around the cosmos, exterminating species whose lifecycles struck you as "horrific"? Would this behavior make you more moral than a god who simply permitted nature to take its course?
This makes no sense to me. Doesn't pretty much every major religion believe God created nature in the first place? Yes, if I were God, I would create a nature in which the horrific torture of innocent, sentient creatures was not possible. On the contrary, currently nature requires this horrific torture for creatures (the parasites) to simply survive in the first place.
Stephen Fry puts it better than I ever could: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-suvkwNYSQo
Keep in mind that any negatives you permit will be offered as proof against your benevolence.
But that's why the torture of this parasitoidism is so clear cut. I can't imagine any sane person thinking that this kind of torture is anything but pain and evil. Fry's example is a great one "The world has it in insects whose whole life cycle is to borrow into the eyes of children and make them blind that eat outwards from the eyes. Why? Why would you do that to us? You could have easily have made a creation which that didn't exist." If any person created that kind of torture device we'd consider them to be one of the evil-personified villains in a comic book novel. But yet we come up with all these ridiculous explanations about how a benevolent god created that, just for shits and giggles?
That's so metal...
Of course, that gas was molecular oxygen, and eventually other organisms evolved aerobic respiration, and that toxic gas is now required by many of Earth's organisms to survive. Now, that change took a billion years or so, as opposed to humans doubling CO2 concentrations in a couple hundred years, but it's still interesting to think about the crazy history of life on Earth.
We are the only species that cares.
Also, if we release gasses that kill and impoverish large portions of us, it won't help that it's 'natural'; it will make no difference at all.
How does that makes sense? Is nature necessarily good? Above moral judgment?
It's an excuse used by lots of people to do and allow lots of bad things.
That is quite definitely not how evolution works:
1. Other individual forms of life don't "evolve". Evolution only works by killing off large numbers of creatures, and only ones that have genes that differ by chance, and are more fit in whatever the new environment is, exist to pass their genes to the next generation.
2. There have been a number of significant extinction events that happened in the past that were much faster than whatever humans are doing now. I'm pretty sure the meteor that wiped out the non-avian dinosaurs happened pretty quickly.
Of course they do. Populations can evolve with successive generations without ever killing off large numbers of creatures. They simply do it slowly as conditions change and those with certain genes become advantaged over others and become more common. It's the "passing their genes to the next generation" which becomes a huge problem when everyone in the current generation dies or any creature that is born dies before it can reproduce.
> There have been a number of significant extinction events that happened in the past that were much faster than whatever humans are doing now.
But not faster than what we're capable of doing if we start geoengineering and it all goes wrong. The dinosaur killing meteor took a long time to kill off everything that it did (on a human timescale). How long exactly is uncertain but likely thousands of years to tens if not hundreds of thousands of years. Time enough for a whole lot of generations. We might not have that long if we poison our atmosphere, destroy the ozone layer, or kill everything in the oceans.
I don't know where you're getting this from. Everything I've read was that the large dinosaurs were killed off due to the effects of reduced sunlight in a few years. Here is an article that says it took 15 years: https://phys.org/news/2023-10-asteroid-year-winter-dinosaurs...
The problem with climate change is not that humans will destroy life on this planet - it will recover from us, eventually - but we can make it much harder for us to live here and cause a lot of suffering and harm, and maybe even cause our own extinction.
1. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6717284/ 2.https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4d/Phaneroz...
By which scales of justice?
We make choices like that regularly, in fact. We're a social species and organize ourselves, make rules, make large scale decisions through government.
People love to indulge this odd fantasy of powerlessness - it's very convenient for those who want to make the decisions for everyone else.
* We can go to general, world wide conventional war. Just the amount of oil and environmental damage spent, producing machines (eg, airplanes, tanks, missiles, ships) would be astronomical
* Nuclear war would likely break out at some point, when someone is backed into a corner
* Biological warfare will likely be a component of any large scale future war. Naturally, mistakes will be made, and one favourite is destroying an enemy's food supplies.
So imagine crops or food animals targeted by disease, and it spreads to other lifeforms
My point is, I have been wondering that when things get very very visibly bad, when no one can rationalize away what is happening, when everything is falling apart due to global migration, land loss, loss of crop land, etc etc...
Will war then occur, with "pro environmental" nations working to prevent environmental damage of others? And then, of course, causing waaay more damage due to the war?
Because, well, humans.
Nothing is stopping us from solving these problems, except hopelessness.
While they genocided existing (almost exclusively single cell) organisms, by producing oxygen, they prepared conditions for orders of magnitude richer and more complex life than was possible before.
But since I have a minute, it’s also fun, perhaps, to play around with the idea that you thought "we don't know what we're doing" wasn’t - but it is! - another way of stating the same thing that you say: that we don't understand the consequences of our actions.
It’s interesting, because your rephrasing highlights the nuances of language, and the difference between literal and idiomatic, or perhaps more metaphorical interpretations. And even the differences between languages.
It's likely to be very different in other languages, such as German, or Japanese, perhaps.
But in English, the phrase, “you don't know what you're doing”, is most commonly used to mean: you do not understand the consequences of your actions; These will produce unintended effects, that will likely be different to your intended effects.
In other words, the phrase I used, in English, almost always includes the situation that you describe, rather than the seemingly more literal interpretation of “You are not aware of, nor comprehend the very actions themselves, which you take or plan to take, regarding this thing”.
It is fascinating to flip it around and see that idiomatic phrase through that more literal interpretation, that I’m assuming you made, whether for comic phrasing or not, mind!
And curious to wonder how we came to have one meaning pointed to by the sign for the other.
Although, due to the nuances of language, I can’t even be sure that it is to this more literal interpretation that you in fact are actually referring! It could be an even further far afield interpretation that has eluded me, and all the other commenters here thus far.
The endless Fascinations of language! that’s probably why we rely on idiom. But no disparagement to you for, whether knowingly or not, trying something a little different. Haha! :)
For example, writing software, you can have two working parts of the system, that when operating in concert, produce incorrect results. It may be that you just failed to predict the invariant, or you misunderstood the timing, or changed some other small thing. In almost all cases, you can work backwards to discover the source of the behavior. This is what a "case study" is, and they're quite popular on this site.
The danger with your mentality, I feel, is that telling someone "you don't know what you're doing" is very unlikely to alter their behavior. It's entirely ignorant of human nature. It's much more useful to explain to them why you believe they will fail in terms that don't belittle their intelligence.
Sure, it's less of an edge for you to sharpen your wit against, but considering the subject matter, is this really the appropriate subject for scoring your own points?
I agree on the part that these "levels" are not actually separated. It's just how us humans happen to think about things - one could say, it's an emergent behavior in itself that comes from how humans form abstract thought. But nevertheless emergence is a useful concept.
And I also agree that we don't know what the fuck is going on. To be honest, I think that we can't know, that no human being ever can achieve complete understanding. And thus, we cannot really say that we're going to do something, and this and this will happen. We don't actually know, but we do manage.
And yes.. you can know perfectly what you are doing. I'm sitting in a chair typing a comment. Are you suggesting that this is actually gnostic hubris on my part?
I think you have inadvertently helped validate GP's point. They are clearly not talking about the level like that of sitting in a chair typing a comment. They are talking about the actual impact of what you are doing versus the intended impact. For example, I assume the intended impact of your sitting in a chair typing a comment, was to successfully influence the conversation by making a strong argument. However, things are a lot more complex than most humans can predict, therefore our actions can often have unintended consequences.
When I did agronomy work in Kansas, there were some pests like aphids (and fungal diseases) that are normally unable to overwinter.
Somehow they get blown up high into the air and moved around by jet streams to be dropped hundreds of miles north, where they can become an economic pest but not technically able to complete their life cycle into the next year.
This especially works well with aphids, as part of their lifecycle is making clones of themselves, so just one is needed to cause a local infestation. Often these carry viruses, and the initial effect is random spots of disease showing up in the middle of a field. For pests that migrate under wing power, they tend to initially establish on field edges first and slowly move in.
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S01681...
I have to admit I've never read any Darwin before, but in those 2 paragraphs he completely summarizes my feelings about the natural world.
God does not limit suffering people or animals experience. He has the utmost ability to do exactly that if he wanted, but seemingly he has taken a hands off approach, at least since about the 1600s. I guess he's not that bothered by immense suffering.
And why should he be? He made us in his image, whatever that's supposed to mean, but we also are not meant to understand his ways. Why would such a supernatural being care about the suffering of some toy creatures he made? Do you feel bad when you play action figures and one of them drowns?
The Vermin only teaze and pinch
Their Foes superior by an Inch.
So, Nat'ralists observe, a Flea
Hath smaller Fleas that on him prey,
And these have smaller yet to bite 'em,
And so proceed ad infinitum:
Thus ev'ry [Poster], in his Kind
Is bit by him that comes behind.
;)(yes, the De Morgan)
Than are dreamt of in your philosophy” (Hamlet, 1.5. 165–66).
[1] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tierra_(computer_simulation)
The whole thing relies on the fact that the Tierra "organisms" live in a flat memory space where you can jump anywhere, including into the middle of other individuals, and just merrily keep executing code from that point. I wonder if something like that was possible in the (hypothetical) RNA world, before cell membranes developed, but I don’t think cell-based life can have a precise equivalent of Tierra hyperparasites. The closest analogue is probably mutualistic relationships that have evolved from parasitic ones.
Now we speed up the simulation, and after millions of time steps they will become agents of a different species.
BTW: are there any foundational ABM[1] models that explain how free-living species become symbiotic, parasitic, or ectoparasitic?
---
[1] Agent-based Modeling
Wolbachia / host interactions is wild. Phages in Wolbachia are selecting for which of their hosts get to be parents or not: https://www.science.org/doi/abs/10.1126/science.adk9469
- Yes!
Too bad it wasn’t parasitic butterflies (larva) from the parasitic wasps. That would’ve been epic.
Yes, but how does it taste?
Butterfly, Butterfly
Your name should be Flutterby.
Lest others discover,
You don't contain butter,
In fact you taste like shit.[1] https://www.fs.usda.gov/wildflowers/pollinators/pollinator-o...