If you use Android, an interesting way Google may be collecting your location data - even if you didn't accept any TOS - is SUPL (Secure User Plane Location). It sends cell tower info to a Google server to improve GPS fix times, but many implementations needlesly include PII like the SIM card IMSI number. It can be disabled in settings>location, but it's enabled by default even in GrapheneOS. In my experience it doesn't affect the GPS fix times significantly.