Neural Network Diffusion
arxiv.org
arxiv.org
I confess I'm not sure what I'd do with this in the random grab bag of Deep Learning knowledge I have, but I think it's pretty fascinating. I might like to see a trained latent encoder that works well on a bunch of different neural networks; maybe that thing would be a good tool for interpreting / inspecting.
Or maybe some metaparameter that mucks with the sizes during training produces better results. Start large to get a baseline, then reduce size to increase coherence and learning speed, then scale up again once that is maxed out.
I.e., self-supervised training is done to produce semantically sensical results, and the RL-trained conditioning input steers to contextually useful results.
(Btw., if anyone has tips on how to not wreck the RL training's effort when updating the base model with the recently encountered semantically-valid training samples that can be used self-supervised, please tell. I'd hate to throw away the RL effort expended to aquire that much taking data for good self-supervised operation. It's already looking fairly expensive...)
If we can get that, then maybe we don't even need to train anymore; it'd be possible to start to generate NNs algorithmically.
(bit of trial and error from https://github.com/zedeus/nitter/wiki/Instances)
[0] https://www.lesswrong.com/tag/recursive-self-improvement
GANs are another example of self-improvement. It was famous for creating "deep fakes". It works by pitting a fake generator and a fake detector against each other, resulting in a cycle of improvement. It didn't get much further than that, in fact, it is all about attention and transformers now.
This is just a way of optimizing parameters, it will not invent new techniques. It can say "put 1000 neurons there, 2000 there, etc...", but it still has to pick from what designers tell it to pick from. It may adjust these parameters better than a human can, leading to more efficient systems, I expect some improvement to existing systems, but not a breaking change.
It's not "recursive self improvement", which is just a belief that magic is real and you can wish an AI into existence. In particular, this one needs too much training data, and you can't define "improvement" without knowing what to improve to.
Is there a law of thermodynamics which prevents AI from writing code which would train a better AI? Never learned that one in school.
And FYI here's OpenAI plan to align superintelligence: "Our goal is to build a roughly human-level automated alignment researcher. We can then use vast amounts of compute to scale our efforts, and iteratively align superintelligence."
I guess people working there believe in magic.
> and you can wish an AI into existence.
Eh? People believe that self-improvement might happen when AI is around human-level.
Are you gonna to take a bet "AI won't be able to do X in 10 years" for some X which people can learn to do now? If you're unwilling to bet then you believe that AI would plausibly be able to perform any human job, including job of AI researcher.
I don't know the exact path there, because if I did I'd publish and win the Turing Award. But it seems to be a plausible outcome in the medium-term future, at least if you go with Hinton's view that current methods are capable of understanding and reasoning, and not LeCun's view that it's all a dead end.
Of course if we allow for any arbitrary "research breakthrough" to happen then any outcome that's physically possible could happen, and I agree with you that superhuman artificial intelligence is possible. Nonetheless it remains unclear what research breakthroughs need to happen, how difficult they will be, and whether handing a company like OpenAI lots of money and chips will get that done, and it remains even more unclear whether that is a desirable outcome, given that the priorities of that company seem to shift considerably each time their budget is increased (As is the norm in this economic environment, to be clear, that is not a unique problem of OpenAI)
Obviously OpenAI has every reason to claim that it can do this and to claim that it will use the results in a way designed to benefit humanity as a whole. The people writing this promotional copy and the people working there may even believe both of these things. However, based on the information available, I don't think the first claim is credible. The second claim becomes less credible the more of the company's original mission gets jettisoned as its priorities align more to its benefactors, which we have seen happen rather rapidly
Saying "well that is not physically impermissible" doesn't make it real.
In any case nobody has ever shown that recursive self-improvement "takes off", and nor is that what we should expect a priori.
You need to apply Wittgenstein here.
This appears to be true because you haven't defined "better". If you define it, it'll become obvious that this is either false or true, but if it is true it'll be obvious in a way that doesn't make it sound interesting anymore.
(For one thing our current "AI" don't come from "writing code", they just come from training bigger models on the same data. For another, making changes to code doesn't make it exponentially better, and instead breaks it if you're not careful.)
> I guess people working there believe in magic.
Yes, OpenAI was literally founded by a computer worshipping religious cult.
> People believe that self-improvement might happen when AI is around human-level.
Humans don't have a "recursive self-improvement" ability.
Also not obvious that an AI that was both "aligned" and "capable of recursive self-improvement" would choose to do it; if you're an AI and you're making a new improved AI, how do you know it's aligned? It sounds unsafe.
Well, to the extent that a human-level intelligence is an individual, anyway. We ourselves are probably a mixture-of-experts in some sense.
Also, for the purposes of talking about the phenomenon of recursive self-improvement, individual vs society isn't the end of analysis. Part of the reason AI recursive self-improvement is concerning is that people are worried about it happening on much faster than societal timescales, in ways that are not socially tractable like human societies are (e.g. if our society is "improving" in a way we don't like, we or other humans can intervene to prevent, alter, or mitigate it). It's also important to note that when we're talking about "recursive self-improvement" when it comes to AI, the "self" is not a single software artifact like Llama-70B. The "self" is AI in general, and the most common proposed mechanism is that an AI is better than us at designing and building AIs, and the resulting AI it makes us even better at designing and building AIs.
Though… still don't think it's true. Isn't "society is self improving" what they call Whig history?
I.e. "You can only use the memory which you currently use" would be a weird artificial constraint not relevant in practice.
Are you arguing that all AI models are using the same network structure?
This is only true in the most narrow sense, looking at models that are strictly improvements over previous generation models. It ignores the entire field of research that works by developing new models with new structures, or combining ideas from multiple previous works.
The exception is when you care about efficiency (in training or inference costs) but at the limit or if you care about "better" then you don't.
Training to predict internet dump can only give you so much.
There's a paper called something like "learning from textbooks" where they show that a small model trained on high-quality no-nonsense dataset can beat a much bigger model at a task like Python coding.
>Yes, OpenAI was literally founded by a computer worshipping religious cult.
What cult is this?
OpenAI founders: Ilya Sutskever, Greg Brockman, Trevor Blackwell, Vicki Cheung, Andrej Karpathy, Durk Kingma, Jessica Livingston, John Schulman, Pamela Vagata, Wojciech Zaremba, Sam Altman. All of them come from software tech industry and academic research circles, not evidence of interest in HPMOR or Yud.
They do.
Humans can learn from new information, but also by iteratively distilling existing information or continuously optimizing performance on an existing task.
Mathematics is a pure instance of this, in the sense that all the patterns for conjectures and proven theorems are available to any entity to explore, no connection to the world needed.
But any information being analyzed for underlying patterns, or task being optimized for better performance, creates a recursive learning driver.
Finally, any time two or more humans compete at anything, they drive each other to learn and perform better. Models can do that too.
Ok. So then I guess it isn't "just a belief that magic".
Instead, it is so true and possible that you think it is actually obvious!
I'm glad you got convinced in a singular post that recursive self improvement, in the obvious way, is so true and real that it is obviously true and not magic.
Better intelligence can be defined quite easily: something which is better at (1) modeling the world; (2) optimizing (i.e. solving problems).
But if that would be too general we can assume that general reasoning capability would be a good proxy for that. And "better at reasoning" is rather easy to define. Beyond general reasoning better AI might have access to wider range of specialized modeling tools, e.g. chemical, mechanical, biological modeling, etc.
> if it is true it'll be obvious in a way that doesn't make it sound interesting anymore.
Not sure what you mean. AI which is better at reasoning is definitely interesting, but also scary.
> they just come from training bigger models on the same data.
I don't think so. OpenAI refuses to tell us how they made GPT-4. I think a big part of it was preparing better, cleaner data sets. Google tells us that specifically improved Gemini's reasoning using specialized reasoning datasets. More specialized AI like AlphaGeometry use synthetic datasets.
> Yes, OpenAI was literally founded by a computer worshipping religious cult.
Practice is the sole criterion for testing the truth. If their beliefs led them to better practice then they are closer to truth than whatever shit you believe in. Also I see no evidence of OpenAI "worshipping" anything religion-like. Many people working there are just excited about possibilities.
> Humans don't have a "recursive self-improvement" ability.
Human recursive self-improvement is very slow because we cannot modify our brains' at will. Also spawning more humans takes time. And yet humans made huge amount of progress in the last 3000 years or so.
Imagine that instead of making a new adult human in 20 years you could make one in 1 minute with full control over neural structures, connections to external tools via neural links, precisely controlled knowledge & skills, etc.
I've been thinking about this recently. Personally, I've yet to see any compelling evidence that an LLM, let alone any AI, can operate really well "out of distribution". It's capabilities (in my experience) seem to be spanned by the data it's trained on. Hence, this supposed property that it can "train itself", generating new knowledge in the process, is yet to be proven in my mind.
That raises the question for me: why do OpenAI staff believe what they believe?
If I'm being optimistic, I suppose they may have seen unreleased tech, motivating their beliefs that seemingly AGI is on the horizon.
If I'm being cynical, the promise of AGI probably draws in much more investment. Thus, anyone with a stake in OpenAI has an incentive to promote this narrative of imminent AGI, regardless of how realistic it is technically.
This is of course just based on what I've seen and read, I'd love to see evidence that counter my claims.
I think the concern about out-of-distribution is overstated. If we train it on predicting machine learning papers, writing machine learning papers is not out-of-distribution.
You might say "but writing NOVEL papers" would be OOD; but there's no sharp boundary between old and new. Model's behavior is usually smooth, so it's not like it will output random bs if you try to predict 2025 papers. And predicting 2025 papers in 2024 all we need to do "recursive self-improvement". (There are also many ways to shift distribution towards where you want it to be, e.g. aesthetics tuning, guidance in diffusion models, etc. Midjourney does not faithfully replicate distribution in the input training set, it's specifically tuned to create more pleasing outputs. So I don't see "oh but we don't have 2025 papers in the training set yet!" being an insurmountable problem.)
But more generally, seeing models as interpolators is useful only to some extent. We use statistical language when training the models, but that doesn't mean that all output should be interpreted as statistics. E.g. suppose I trained a model which generates a plausible proofs. I can combine it with proof-checker (which is much easier than generating a proof), and wrap it into a single function `generate_proof` which is guaranteed to generate a correct proof (it will loop until a plausible proof checks out). Now the statistics do not matter much. It's just a function.
If there's such a thing as a general reasoning step, then all we need is a function which perform that. Then we just add an outer loop to explore a tree of possibilities using these steps. And further improvements might be in making these steps faster and better.
Does reasoning generalize? I'd say everything points to "yes". Math is used in variety of fields. We are yet to find something where math doesn't work. If you get somebody educated in mathematical modeling and give them a new field to model, they won't complain about math being out-of-distribution.
If you look at LLMs today, they struggle with outputting JSON. It's clearly not an out-of-distribution problem, it's a problem with training - the dataset was too noisy, it had too many examples where somebody requests a JSON but gets a JSON-wrapped-in-Markdown. It's just an annoying data cleanup problem, nothing fundamental. I think it's reasonable to assume that within 5 years OpenAI, Google, etc, will manage to clean up their datasets and train more capable, reliable models which demonstrate good reasoning capabilities.
FWIW I believe that if we hit a wall on a road towards AGI that might actually be good to buy more time to research what we actually want out of AGI. But I doubt that any wall will last more than 5 years, as it already seems almost within the reach...
I can see how such a pipeline can exist. I can imagine the problematic bit being the "validation system". In closed systems like mathematics, the proof can be checked with our current understanding of mathematics. However, I wonder if all systems have such a property. If, in some sense, you need to know the underlying distribution to check that a new data point is in said distribution, the system described above cannot find new knowledge without already knowing everything.
Moreover, if we did have such a perfect "validation system", I suppose the only thing the ML models are buying us is a more effective search of candidates, right? (e.g., we could also just brute force such a "validation system" to find new results).
Feel free to ignore my navel-gazing; it's fascinating to discuss these things.
Recursive self-improvement isn't "maybe magic is real", it's "maybe the magic we already know about stays magical as we cast our spells with more mana."
Whatever our brains are doing internally isn't magical. But it's magic to us because we don't know how it works. So too with current LLMs.
My point is we're already doing things with LLMs that we don't understand and that we didn't think were attainable until two years ago. We don't know how to do superintelligence and recursive self-improvement... but we're off in uncharted territory already, and I think there's a lot more grounds for positive uncertainty about self-improvement than there was before GPT-3.
(Though I suppose this skips Neuralink / step 3 and jumps right to step 4.)
Furthermore, I posit that resnet especially in transformers allows the model into a more exploratory behavior that is really powerful, and is a necessary component of the power of transformers. Transformers is just such a great architecture the more i think about it. It's doing so many things so right. Although this is not really related to the topic.
Transformers are just networks that learn to program the weights of other networks [1]. In the successful cases the programmed network has been quite primitive -- merely a key-value store -- in order to ensure that you can backpropagate errors from the programmed network's outputs all the way to the programmer network's inputs.
The present work extends this idea to a different kind of programmed network: a convolutional image-processing network.
There are many more breakthroughs to be achieved along this line of research -- it is a rich vein to mine. I believe our best shot at getting neural networks to do discrete math and symbolic logic, and to write nontrivial computer programs, will result from this line of research.