You also failed to say, “nothing needs to be fixed at MY property! Why did my rent go up!?”
Because it takes several years to save up to replace an HVAC system or a rotten deck or plumbing failure and I have to charge based on the projected cost.
Maintenance costs and taxes are the only ones that could be a factor out of your original 5 - your point is drowned out by the poor supporting facts.
And taxes aren’t even going up, just the valuation of the properties - which drives higher rent anyways.
And since you’re a landlord, you should have a maintenance plan that would reimburse you for things like HVAC.
Suppose you are a homeowner. You definitely know then that utilities, insurance, possibly the mortgage, definitely maintenance costs have gone up. You pay those as your "rent" because you are the owner. So the rent went up, even though you are the landlord.
The rest are a small fraction of the total cost of ownership (vs financing the initial purchase).
Rents appear to be going up faster than the total cost of ownership (the financing costs are fixed, or nearly so).
Electricity - not paid by landlord.
Labor - not sure what you mean.
Maintenance - fixed rates for home warranty for big things, minor costs for maintenance otherwise which are factored into rent monthly regardless of whether they are used. So that could account for single-digit percent rise in rates.
Anything else?