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CPUs? AMDs support running a TPM implementation on the PSP which is on-die. Intel has a TPM implementation running on the PCH, and on low-power mobile parts that's on-package with the CPU. ARM SoCs frequently provide a TPM implementation running in Trustzone, which is also on CPU. Some of the latest Ryzen parts implement Pluton, Microsoft's security core, which is typically used to provide a TPM without also doing a bunch of other stuff.

This usually shows up in the UEFI settings, where you can also toggle it on or off.

Er, shouldn't I be able to look this up from the CPU model number without buying it?

Also, are you sure you're not confusing CPU-embedded TPMs with other TPMs in the system?

It's up to your firmware to enable any CPU or chipset provided TPM implementation. The CPU supporting it is unhelpful unless the firmware provides a mechanism to turn it on.

But my question wasn't "how do I check if the embedded TPM is being used?", it was "how do I check if an embedded TPM even exists?"

It exists in everything x86 made since around 2014. Whether it exists usefully is up to your firmware.

All mainstream AMD and Intel processors today do.

Pretty much any CPU made after 2018.