As conceptualized by Seligman, there is also a component of optimism called "explanatory style". Basically, if you experience some kind of adverse event, how do you explain to yourself what has happened? Let's say you are rejected for a job. Do you take it personally? Does reason you were rejected concern all aspects of your life or is it specific to this situation? Is the problem permanent or temporary? If you explain adverse events in a way that's personal, pervasive, and permanent, you have a more pessimistic explanatory style and are less likely to try again in the future.