> The need for multiple diacritics on almost every vowel reveals starkly how ill-fitting Latin is for a tonal language.
How so? There are some phonetic systems for Mandarin that adjust spelling to indicate tones, and IMO they’re terrible. Fortunately they’re also obsolete. I don’t know much about Vietnamese, but it seems to use 5 diacritics for tones, which seems just fine.
The real issue seems to be that Vietnamese has too many vowels for the Latin alphabet, and that was also’solved with diacritics, so there are tone diacritics and vowel diacritics.
English also has too many vowel sounds, and it’s, ahem, solved by being ambiguous. Mandarin has too many vowels and Pinyin uses (somewhat ill-conceived IMO) pairs of vowels. But that means that all the diacritics [0] are tones, which is nice.
[0] As a sort of exception, Pinyin occasionally needs an apostrophe as a word/syllable break, which is a side effect of the aforementioned vowel pair issue and the fact that Mandarin doesn’t actually need spaces to be readable, so spaces are kind of optional except when they aren’t.