Putting a fair price on CO2 would solve the problem for bitcoin (and many others).
That sadly will never happen, unless the world somehow gets a unified government (imo).
This is what I find annoying. If Bitcoin were to disappear tomorrow, we would still run on non-renewables, and pollute our soil and waters. Why isn't this the primary concern, and we look at a single industry downstream that is completely independent on how clean the energy it uses, and in fact, is more profitable with renewables as I mentioned in a sibling comment?
It is not dissimilar to the misplaced hope to reduce the catastrophic disaster of microplastics in our water stream by banning plastic straws. Or demonising meat consumption when it is such a drop in the ocean compared to all our energy and pollution problems, caused by transportation, heavy industries and corruption.
The only things people really care about these days is what fits easily in a Twitter post of fake outrage, without stopping to see the bigger picture.
If the US, the world's largest economy, also implemented such a system, then there would undoubtedly be a large global impact in reducing emissions. Creating the political will to do so is difficult of course. Citizens' Climate Lobby has been working on trying to pass a carbon fee with a border adjustment since 2007, though unfortunately with increasing political polarization it has been difficult. I wouldn't rule out the possibility though — political change can be very slow in the US, but CCL is clearly a group with extreme patience and a focused goal, but is willing to be pragmatic and advocate for any improvements as opposed to taking nothing. Admittedly I haven't volunteered for them in a quite some time, but in the past (at least at where I was at the time), the people I worked with seemed level headed and goal oriented — they may not have always personally liked the Representatives or staff that they were meeting, but they kept personal opinions to themselves and were laser focused on trying to convince them of joining the Climate Solutions Caucus and sponsoring a carbon fee. Perhaps the EU looking to implement one with a border fee adjustment may be the push the US needs to make it happen here.