Latches are set high or low whenever the corresponding input is pressed.

Flipflops are edge-triggered, and in most setups only change at a clock cycle. One way to construct a flipflop is by wiring several latches together - see figure 11 of this pdf: https://www.cs.ucr.edu/~ehwang/courses/cs120b/flipflops.pdf

I think I remember my digital logic professor using both. I don't recall there ever being a clear cut distinction like edge vs level set being made though. I wish I still had my notes.

I've been out of EE for like 15 years so I forget exactly how, but I don't think they're the same.

edit: yup sibling comment has it, that was what I was forgetting