Scientists Destroy Illusion That Coin Toss Flips Are 50–50

"Discrete uniform distribution" https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Discrete_uniform_distribution

Randomness test: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Randomness_test

Google/paranoid_crypto > docs/randomness_tests.md > Tests: https://github.com/google/paranoid_crypto/blob/main/docs/ran...

"10 Tbit/s physical random bit generation with chaotic microcomb" (2023) https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=38044587 ; without DRBG, too

"51% Dynamical Bias in the Coin Toss [pdf]" (2007) https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=38725981

"Researchers flip coins 350k times to find out if odds are 50/50" (2023) https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=37958554 :

"Fair coins tend to land on the same side they started: Evidence from 350,757 flips" (2023) https://arxiv.org/abs/2310.04153

This is super interesting. At first, I thought it made sense and was expected since having heads face up vs tails face up are two different throws, but you can just flip it heads face up each time to ensure the experiment is controlled. I wonder how much the toss itself influences the result. A strong toss vs a weak toss, etc.