> The established risk factors to life expectancy – caloric intake, urbanization, obesity and education levels – were included as the potential confounders.

Odd that they don't control for income (high or low). Quote from the first search result I read on life expectancy and poverty in the US: "You might expect two or three years of life differential ... but 10 or 15 years … it’s an immense difference".

And I remember years ago that two cars was an indicator for longer life - presumably due to signaling higher income.