I'm general, it's an anti pattern since it's makes everything much more complicated. The typical reason to have it is so that there are dev tools in the dev container (autoformatter, linter etc) or support for hot reloading and then the prod container is locked down. The other pattern you'll sometimes see is that the prod container will include an agent or a certificate bundle, although it's more common to use sidecars for this.

It becomes problematic because it then becomes easy for engineers to have a completely different container for dev then is used for prod. I recently found an issue where a dev container was using a completely different base and had a different version of node installed compared to the prod container