I had a phone go completely off on multiple occasions doing winter runs in tahoe and it wasn't even that cold (like mid-20s but with wind) so it's not so simple. And yes nearly 8000m peak it's common to have -40° temps
It's possible, in fact probable that your phone doesn't have one of the aforementioned formulations.
Edit: Also, these batteries aren't necessarily exposed to outside temperatures. Strategically placed near the body, they can be kept at higher temperatures for greater power efficiency - but if they are exposed to outside temps, they will not die as easily as your (pathetically useless in this situation) cell phone batteries would.