1.
https://www.wired.co.uk/article/central-line-temperature-lon...tl;dr: when the underground was built, it was very cold down there (14C) to the point where people would go visit the underground in summer just to cool down. So no thought was build in the extra ventilation tunneling for future cooling it since it was already so damn cool.
But over the 100 years since then the trains and people have heated up the tunnels and stations, and since underneath London it's clay, it works as insulation so the heat never manages to dissipate, but rather gets trapped.
There are projects to add cooling to stations, but since they're old, deep, cramped and built in a dense metropolis that is already full of other stuff both above and underground, it is difficult and expensive to do.