NY Federal Court: There's a Right to Record Police, Also Inside Station Lobbies
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Why does that matter?
"That the First Amendment speaks separately of freedom of speech and freedom of the press is no constitutional accident, but an acknowledgment of the critical role played by the press in American society," wrote Justice Potter Stewart in Houchins v. KQED, Inc. (1978)
In that ruling, the court noted that journalists do not enjoy privileged access -- that is, they don't enjoy _greater_ access to government-run spaces than the general public. But neither do they enjoy _less_ access. So if it is permitted for a member of the public to be in a particular location, then it is permitted for a member of the press to be in that location as well.
All of the concerns raised about privacy implications, such as Reyes' potentially recording the location of security cameras in the lobby, are a red herring. A person with nefarious intent could very easily surreptitiously record that information without detection, or could merely jot down the details on a notepad and then disseminate them. But Reyes films conspicuously to highlight the absurdity of these supposed privacy violations. The Supreme Court has held that there is no reasonable expectation of privacy in public, and the government has a duty to _create_ privacy for private information, such as keeping sensitive documents outside of public view, or blocking the public's view of restricted areas, since merely viewing a restricted area from a publicly accessible area is legal, for as the law says, "the eye cannot trespass."
https://firstamendment.mtsu.edu/article/compelling-state-int...
Well, except for open public courts, for reasons. (The judiciary’s concern for the the freedom of the press has limits where it comes to the judiciary itself, rather than other government institutions.)
No, the people have freedom to use the press, just like the same Amendment protects the freedom to use speech.
Cops who can't handle a jerk without committing a clear violation of the Constitution shouldn't be cops.
Sure they do. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrolmen%27s_Benevolent_Assoc...
San Francisco's cops bombed the mayor's house in 1975. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Francisco_Police_Departmen...
These are big incidents, but their political power is quite clear on a regular basis. NY's police union head even spoke at the RNC in the last presidential election. https://nypost.com/2020/08/27/rnc-2020-nypd-union-head-says-...
https://www.nytimes.com/2020/06/06/us/police-unions-minneapo...
> They aggressively protect the rights of members accused of misconduct, often in arbitration hearings that they have battled to keep behind closed doors. And they have also been remarkably effective at fending off broader change, using their political clout and influence to derail efforts to increase accountability.
> When liberal politicians do try to advance reform proposals, union officials have resorted to highly provocative rhetoric and hard-boiled campaign tactics to lash out at them. This past week, the head of the sergeants’ union in New York posted a police report on Twitter revealing personal information about the daughter of Mr. de Blasio, who had been arrested during a protest.
That is incredibly naive. I would argue the police unions are the most powerful unions in the country by quite a large margin.
Every union other than the police unions is attacked because they "hurt the economy" (they don't, and they're the reason for most improvements to compensation and working hours normal people experience). Every other union will refuse to cross picket lines, whereas police unions actively assault picket lines, and have repeatedly murdered strikers, and also covered up murders of strikers.
Police, and their union, are sufficiently anti-union that it's absurd that they're still a "police union" rather than a gang. After all the police union is the only one permitted to use force, and is the only one allowed to break the law, and the only one that gets to kill others.
The kind of BS that these "auditors" do that results in them being arrested doesn't come close to the BS I personally experienced on a daily basis working in retail, and somehow I was able to not assault them.
The problem is police believe that using force is acceptable, and so they use force by default, typically after escalating an interaction rather than doing their job which is to de-escalate. The reason for that is that police unions keep trying to train cops to be thugs (the myriad "training" courses that are geared to "every day could be your last, be ready to shoot" instead of "your goal is to arrest criminals, not execute them, so learn to calm down situations instead of making them worse")
Most of the cops seem to just not want their actions being recorded as what seems like a clear result of them also feeling above the law, more power to the people working to change that culture and protect our rights along the way
The filming isn't the illegal part of what you describe.
Cops murder with impunity but yanking a vacuum cable out of a wall calls for full legal reform.
But I've watched dozens of Reyes' videos, and that is not his style. If he enters a public space, he doesn't call attention to himself and typically doesn't speak to anyone unless spoken to. Most often, he films the walls of public buildings, and if he points a camera at anyone in particular, it's only because they've approached him to ask him what he's doing. He is cordial in his responses and will generally politely explain to anyone who inquires that he's an independent journalist gathering content for a story.
On the flip side, police and other government officials routinely treat him with contempt and hostility from the moment they see him, barking unlawful orders at him and attempting to suppress conduct that the law explicitly protects. He's been assaulted, had his camera equipment destroyed, and been unlawfully arrested multiple times, as he was by the NYPD. If he comes off a little salty as a result of that mistreatment, it's at least understandable.
But even in the case where First Amendment auditors are not being respectful and are acting like jerks ... it's worth noting that the First Amendment is not designed to protect content and actions that others approve of, or that make others feel comfortable. It is explicitly designed to protect speech that others would rather we not speak, religions that others would rather we not practice, journalism that others would rather we not publish. So even if they are being jerks, as long as their conduct is legally protected, it at least allows us to determine whether the First Amendment is being respected.
But baiting is when you entice a person to do something wrong by offering them some kind of incentive. And it has to be something they wouldn't otherwise do unless incentivized. Thus, you can't "bait" a law enforcement officer by simply engaging in constitutionally protected conduct, unless the argument from police is that officers just can't restrain themselves from violating people's civil rights when those rights are exercised.
In fact, in one of Reyes's encounters with the NYPD that led to an unlawful arrest, one of the officers told him afterward, "You wanted this to happen," and Reyes responded, incredulously, "I wanted you to violate my rights and take away my freedom?" No, he wanted to be able to go about his business without being arrested -- which he was later able to do after this court ruling went into effect.
You're victim blaming big-time. They're on the receiving end of bullshit and cannot opt out of it, but we'll condemn them for fucking up their response?
I'm the most cool-headed person I know and I had to talk a neighbor down from kicking my ass on camera (and in front of my own child) just yesterday. It took a superhuman amount of restraint to not even raise my voice because the adrenaline factory was in overdrive on both sides, gearing up for a fight.
The provocateur has an unfair advantage-- the element of uncertainty. Only they know they're not they're going to escalate. Defense is a losing game; it only takes one failure to anticipate a threat before you're dead or unconscious. In order to stay so calm, I had to embrace the possibility that I might actually -die- in that encounter if the guy pulled out a knife. I was armed myself, but didn't draw so as not to escalate. It's a position of vulnerability I should never have had to put myself in.
Once the adrenaline rush subsided, I had to go take a fucking nap. Cops don't get that option; they're immediately dispatched to deal with the next asshole.
If you can't keep a level head as a police officer, then you are failing to uphold the oath you swore. Full stop.
Police have the unfair advantage: power. With power comes responsibility. We must hold those in power accountable for that responsibility.
Every person who interacts with a police officer has to deal with the element of uncertainty you are talking about. We give police loaded firearms. We give them handcuffs. We give them dogs. We give them combat training. We all know just how wrong it can go, and just how quickly. We are not allowed to leave!
People are getting murdered in the US by police, and those police are often not held to justice. There is an imbalance of both power and responsibility here that lives as a constant looming threat over many of us.
It's time to change this story, and that change must begin with police.
Yes. That is by design. Doormats don't make for a useful police force.
> Every person who interacts with a police officer has to deal with the element of uncertainty you are talking about.
No, actually. You're familiar with their capabilities and the rules within which they lawfully (and unlawfully) operate. Intelligence is clearly on your side.
There is no "uncertainty" when it comes to police; you seem to know exactly what to expect and how to manipulate them into any particular outcome enough to be able to exploit it on camera. That is the antithesis of uncertainty. If there were uncertainty, people would be too afraid to fuck with them like this. It's certain you can safely do this.
Cooperation tends to work pretty well for most people. Belligerence escalates the situation. Be the change you want to see.
Tell it to George Floyd.
Tell it to Breonna Taylor.
Oh, that's right: you can't. The very best of police can't either.
Belligerence is escalating the situation of someone recording you. Belligerence is escalating the situation of someone yelling at you. Belligerence is threatening to assault and kidnap any person who doesn't behave precisely as you command. I expect every police officer to be the change they swore an oath to be. No less.
Cops can absolutely opt out of it. It's not a race, it's a job. If you're a cop and you can't deal with annoying members of the public without violating their Constitutional rights, you aren't in the right job.
I see this inappropriate defense of police all the time but the truth is police who can’t handle someone being unkind (but not physical or unlawful) without violating their rights are not fit to have a gun, badge and special powers.
Arguably, common policies on gradual escalation only exacerbate the problem of auditors. Cops go from polite requests, to direct orders, trespass notices, through non-lethal things like tasers and pepper spray, and only then to handcuffs and arrests. The cops that handle these people best seem to be the ones that skip the middle stuff, instead going straight from polite request to handcuffs, with trespass notices coming afterwards.
The First Amendment doesn't have an "unless they're a pain in the ass" exemption.
> Getting someone to leave private property
These folks tend to be on public property. That's the whole schtick.
If you trespass in restricted spaces (like a military base, or an NYPD evidence locker) you'll get arrested, yes. The crime is trespass, whether or not you have a camera filming.
Most of the "auditors" I've seen (and many are certainly insufferable) film from public sidewalks, public lobbies (as is the case in this particular court case, which the auditor won), Border Patrol checkpoint / police traffic stops within their own vehicles, etc. It's very common for them to encounter police resistance in these situations, despite a clear First Amendment right to film.
Police violating Constitutional rights isn't some wildly uncommon theoretical; I'm not sure why you seem to be portraying it as such.
There's dozens (hundreds?) of unenforced laws on the books. I'm sure it varies by jurisdiction (where I live, using your turn signal is optional and cops would never pull you over for failure to signal- it's effectively unheard of.) Point being, cops can decided when to police and when not to police. Recording them at work seems to be a line they do not like people to cross and they don't really care if it's constitutionally protected or not.
Therein lies the rub. I'd be tempted to challenge the hell out of that.
I called it out as different because they’re lawfully filming a private area which is visible from a public area (and also from above) rather than simply filming public areas. Apologies if I was unclear.
So there should be plenty of self-incriminating video of them trespassing?
You don't need to carry water for the police. The Supreme Court has that job already.
Can you link 5 or so videos of this?
Of course they don't leave, they have the constitutional right to stay! The very act of asking them to leave is already an overstep.
> The cops that handle these people best seem to be the ones that skip the middle stuff, instead going straight from polite request to handcuffs, with trespass notices coming afterwards.
That is absolutely disgusting. Is that how you want people to treat you?
Rightfully so; tasers and pepper spray were meant to incapacitate violent suspects. They were never supposed to be used to enforce compliance with orders.
Pulling out tasers to deal with "auditors" is the very behavior they seek to document.
Everyone has to remember, not all departments are bad, but all departments can have bad cops; some WAY more than others to put it lightly. It's the unwillingness to remove or even punish the bad cops, that is the issue.
My uncle was a senior official for a municipality. His home was picketed during a tense labor negotiation. Also noxious and difficult for the family, but a necessary part of the democratic process to allow.
At the end of the day, the shocking revelations that NYPD desk sergeants give zero fucks isn't very compelling video. It's a fad, and it will fade. But the need to hold the government accountable remains, and allowing trolls to damage that serves nobody well, including the police. No different than my uncle. It sucks my cousins had to deal with that as kids, but it would equally suck if some goon squad prevented the union members from having their grievances addressed.
No, that is not necessary for democracy to work. Going to a public official's home is never necessary. Please enlighten me to what I'm missing that requires this invasion of privacy and security.
A peaceful protest on a public sidewalk outside a public official's home falls pretty squarely within those protections.
The high up GP comment that this discussion branched off of was talking about 'labor negotiations', sure it effects someone and obviously the labor wants the negotiations to go their way, but if it doesn't?
Soccer includes rules about sportsmanship; bad behavior gets you a yellow/red card. Politics doesn't have a referee nor much about sportsmanship.
> The whole thing with democracy is, sometimes things don't go your way, and the rules for how to change it are all right there in front of you.
Sure; one of those things allowed by said rules is public protest against elected officials.
I think we in America set ridiculous norms/boundaries on some things (things like this topic disrespecting the politician's personal life for something that is occurring in their professional/public life; also, feel that we care too much about their personal lives in general, sex/marriage/family stuff but that's another topic)
Even the article couldn't help calling out auditors for being confrontational assholes, but for what it's worth, Reyes doesn't act like typical auditors. He's polite and cool headed. He's assertive while still attempting to deescalate situations. He's the least confrontational auditor I've ever seen. What's compelling about Reyes's work isn't the video showing that the police in the NYDP were acting like assholes and breaking the law, but that he then follows up with formal complaints, lawsuits, and revisits to see what's changed.
I love that there are people willing to risk their safety and freedom and invest the kind of time and money it takes to follow through using the legal system. It'll either change things for the better or at least let us know how bad things really are and where more reforms are needed.
You do, but their presence is also denying others their right to obtain services without being endangered. Some balance is needed here.
Almost as big a jerk as the people they're auditing.
Almost.
you may as well describe soldiers as murderous pieces of shit, and while it may be true on some level, YOUR world would be much worse off without them.
It's a shame that these people are destroying the ability of citizens to use these facilities without risking exposure.
Everyone demands victims be kind and normal, but that is rarely the case. Kind and normal people stay far away from the boundaries by nature, but the boundaries always shrink when there is no push-back. We need the kooks out there getting tazed so we don't have to.
It should absolutely be auditors that deal with this. They are willingly subjecting themselves to a negative experience for the benefit of us all. Some may be unreasonable but they must not be blamed for the cracks they expose in our system.
Some random person going about their life should not be the one who has to push this to the supreme court if necessary. Every decision like this represents countless past and future plea deals that normal, working people take (at great personal expense often) in order to just move on with their lives.
Reasons include: Reprimand chances reduced by unions and internal culture, post-violation support by the same, ability to greatly intimidate most citizens without much consequence, lawsuit payouts get covered by taxpayers and more lenience from judges and prosecutors. If discipline leads to exiting a force, officers find uneven or no tracking of bad LEO behavior and plenty of other departments willing to pick them up.
All of this is mitigated by the quality of a police chief and tons of random stuff out of the officer's control.
As the article discusses, I agree that a victim reporting a crime may feel very uncomfortable standing in the lobby of a police precinct while being recorded by someone.
> he does not conduct himself in a way that would be characterized as provocative or goading.
Recording in a police lobby where there are citizens that are already in a vulnerable position and don't want their private business recorded and probably put up on YouTube or something is, in itself, provocative and goading.
It doesn't matter how polite the person doing the recording is. That person is invading others in a way that is extremely objectionable.
This isn't about the cops. It's about the other regular people who are there.
But preventing a person like Reyes from recording does nothing to resolve the privacy issue. Anyone who is willing to go through the trouble can request security camera footage.
I think we also need to recognize that in a public place like a police precinct lobby, there are going to be some people who desire not to be recorded as a way of protecting their privacy, but other people who desire to record as a way of protecting themselves from police misconduct. Both have legitimate but competing interests. But the law explicitly protects the latter.
I'm not arguing that he should be prevented from recording, really. The problem here is that there are opposing needs and rights, and some sort of balance needs to be had (and it would be better if that balance leaned more toward vulnerable people than those who are making some sort of political point.)
I'm arguing that Reyes, and other "auditors", are unmitigated assholes for engaging this sort of activity.
That said, preventing the recording may not resolve the privacy issue, but it would at least avoid making it worse.
It’s pretty clear that the right to record does not extend into the “restricted” area of the station. There is no law that says a report must be made in public, the NYPD could easily make any number of avenues available. Phone reporting, web reporting, sending an officer to collect a report, and offering a private area in the station are all options that cost them nothing.
From the article:
> But there’s something far more local and specific that says the NYPD can’t do this: state law. >> The Right to Record Acts allow for the recording of “law enforcement activity” and “police activities.” Defendant does not dispute that officers interacting with civilians in a police precinct are performing law enforcement or police activities. The Right to Record Acts do not carve out police precinct lobbies as places where individuals are not allowed to record and the Court declines to read that limitation into the Right to Record Acts. Citing to both Right toRecord Acts, the NYPD Legal Bureau Bulletin acknowledges that the right to record police activity “is codified in New York State and local law and extends to those individuals in both public places, such as streets, sidewalks, and parks, as well as private property such as a building, lobby, workplace, or an individual’s own property.” NYPD Legal Bureau Bulletin at 3 (emphasis in original).
But there is also the restriction that he doesn’t have a right to be in restricted areas.
So the solution is still the same, and still very simple. Allow people to make police reports in restricted areas, away from people filming, if they wish.
The solution is to clarify in state law that police activities in public can be recorded, and to specifically enumerate what police activities are allowed to occur outside of public eye, which should probably be limited to victim statements at the express request of the victim.
[0] http://web.archive.org/web/20231012035050/https://legislatio...
This is an obviously absurd reading of the law. Police executing a search warrant doesn’t mean any rando can now enter that home and start recording. It means the people with access to that area have the right to record. In public, that’s anyone. In a restricted area that’s not.
If you are in an area not open to the public, you can be told to leave regardless of whether you are filming. If you fail to leave, then you are trespassing. The fact of trespassing will override other rights. For example: you have the right of free speech. You don’t have the right to hold a protest inside of a Walmart. They can have the police remove you despite the fact that it infringes on your speech.
They can’t stop you from filming, but they can stop you from going to private places where they don’t want you to film.
In the case of a restricted area now becoming public because it is adjacent to a public area with no barriers, the participants and activities that requires whatever benefit afforded by the restriction lose e.g. privacy.
In the case of a public area now adjacent to a restricted area in turn becoming restricted, then this method now becomes a way to close public areas and activities allowed in those areas on a whim e.g. the police playing copyrighted music when being recorded in an effort to get any uploads to YouTube being struck down by a DMCA copyright notice.
There is a lot of nuance beyond that as well, but largely that is the way it works.
And before you answer with "that's their job", be aware that the video they record on their body cams is public record in most U.S. states and can be requested and disseminated to the public by anyone for any reason.
There is no expectation of privacy in public, and this holds true in a public lobby of a police precinct. Privacy must be created, as such, if someone comes in to report a crime, the reasonable thing to do is to have the officer on duty take that person to a private room to make their report.
It's pretty rare that we see the cops being recorded breaking the law on their own body cameras, despite those body cameras supposedly being "always on", even after we know they broke the law some other way(like being recorded by third-parties, etc).
It would be really interesting to know how often body cams are catching these things, the best I could find is via the LAPD:
"Of 37 police shootings that have gone before the civilian commission over the last year, 25 cases had some type of body camera violation by officers who were considered to be substantially involved, the Times review found." -https://www.latimes.com/california/story/2023-09-21/internal...
So terribly, which isn't surprising, but is very sad for humanity.
And how are people supposed to get to that area without passing by some jerk with a camera?
The right to film in public is a first amendment thing. This law just codifies it and specifies that public areas of public buildings are areas where filming is allowed.
Hence why I suggested sending an officer, or allowing reporting remotely via phone and web. Which, of course, are all ways that the NYPD accepts reports.
> In other words, auditors act like cops while talking to cops. No wonder cops hate them. Cops would rather engage in harassment than be subjected to it.
https://ij.org/issues/project-on-immunity-and-accountability...
>How well informed about enforcing the law would they become?
I would say it would help. The reason bad cops misbehave is they have no accountability for doing so. It's not unlike refusing to punishing a biting child. Qualified Immunity is a good example of legislating from the bench.
The rule of law is important and whilst some of these auditors do unlikeable or distasteful things, if they are trying to stay within the law, they do provide a useful function of highlighting inconsistency between the rules as written and how they tend to operate in practice.
Of 10,000,000+ arrests per year, only around 1,000 end in death of which 20-50 had unarmed deceased.
You’re more likely to die of a traffic accident this year (1 in 10,000) than die from police while being arrested unarmed (under 1 in 100,000).
https://www.washingtonpost.com/graphics/investigations/polic...
A frequency argument is useless here. It happens that people get shot by police when it is uncalled for, with no consequences for the murder other than some paid vacation time. It is documented. This is not a discussion of what is most deadly or if it is common.
Plus, I don't like this implication that anyone armed deserves to die. Being armed is a constitutional right, not a murder justification.
https://www.propublica.org/article/new-jersey-law-says-crimi...
https://www.propublica.org/article/what-police-impunity-look...
https://www.reuters.com/legal/government/fired-cops-routinel...
Examples abound of police escaping punishment and accountability despite clear violations of the law.