By being very good. Mostly the Uber-geniuses thing, but I wouldn't call them geniuses. You do have a bit of the harder working but it's quite minor and of course sometime you benefit from being in the right place at the right time (luck). I'd say elite network is probably the least important conditional on you having a decent network that you can get at any top 20 school if you put in the effort (be involved in tech societies etc.)

Most companies don't pay that, step 1 is identifying the companies that do and focusing your efforts on them exclusively. This will depend on where you live, or on your remote opportunities.

Step 2 is gaining the skills they are looking for. Appropriate language/framework/skill/experience they optimize for.

Step 3 is to prepare for their interview process, which is often quite involved. But they pay well, so when they say jump, you jump.

I'm not saying you'll find $600k as a normal pay, that's quite out of touch unless you're in Silicon Valley (and even then). But you'll find (much) higher than market salary.