Localizing sound sources on a Pi anyone?
github.com
github.com
I suspect that mobile phones use NTP which could be quite a number of milliseconds out.
However, it depends what exactly you really mean with the question? It could mean many things.
Note, for gunshot localization I think someone has already built an app that I think they are trying to sell to the authorities.
Maybe I can answer better if you clarify which part you are asking could be done on a phone ?
Certainly the localization math can be.
In the Netherlands this happens several times a week in many places so there is plenty of test data.