Briefly: you first run the filter equations "forwards", processing each datapoint sequentially from start to end. Then you run the smoother "backwards" in time on the same data going from end to start.
1. http://www.stat.columbia.edu/~liam/teaching/neurostat-spr12/...
The Kalman Smoother can be used to go back and update these past values with all the samples up to the current time. To update your previous measurements, you need to save the state of your filter at every timestep (x_k) and its associated covariance matrix (P_k). You can then apply Kalman Smoothing to reprocess previous data and update it with all current information. This will often remove the phase delay that you would otherwise observe in your estimate.