Nineteenth century scientists set out to solve the "problem of American storms"
neh.gov
neh.gov
When I read about them there was a kind of question in my mind that never quite demanded an answer. This article nailed it.
>> The argument had arisen between William C. Redfield, a New York businessman, and a prominent meteorologist by the name of James Espy, and it centered on whether the motion of storms—hurricanes, blizzards, thunderstorms—in North America were rotational or centripetal in nature. This seemingly dry, theoretical debate had somehow blown up, generating a surprising amount of contention, ad hominem attacks, and national coverage as meteorologists in both the United States and Europe took sides, but definitive answers remained elusive.
... it fills me with satisfaction that people were still making ad hominem attacks on each other over matters esotetic in the early 1800s.
https://www.mikeleake.net/wp-content/uploads/2023/01/DpQ9YJl...
It reads like a Discworld novel.
EDIT: I looked up NYC and the precipitation (Wikipedia lists precipitation and snow) is 49.52 inches. (I thought of a similar conversation from many years ago on the NYC or some other East Coast city compared to Seattle.)
Seattle has 156.2 rainy days. Not listed for NYC. I guess a lot less.
Which sounds like a lot to me, but who knows.
Once or twice a year, it'll rain for 48 hours straight and dump three inches of water on us, but the rest of the time, it's like unpleasantly heavy fog
The Olympic or Cascade Mountain Ranges that roughly bracket Seattle get most of the actual precipitation. Even Snoqualmie which is right next to Seattle but a little higher gets ~ double the actual precipitation. Snoqualmie Pass (only ~ 3000 ft) nearby gets ~ 100 inches of precipitation, and 400 inches of snow on an average year.
The precipitation in seattle (mist) and the precipitation in nyc ( rain ) are two different animals. For example, pretty much everyone in nyc owns an umbrella. Pretty much nobody in seattle owns an umbrella. Why would that be if it 'rains' more in seattle?
It's probably true that seattle gets more precipitation because it's constantly misty for 6 or 7 months. You can go weeks without seeing the sun in seattle. In nyc, the precipitation is mostly in the form of actual rain and downpours. You can dumped on and the clouds clear. Maybe a system will bring downpours for a couple of days. But it always clears. You rarely get dumped on in seattle and if so, for a short time frame. And the skies never clear. It just remains and annoys you with mist.
> Seattle has 156.2 rainy days.
Nope. Not rainy days. Maybe 6 rainy days and 150 misty days.
In the northeast, you can actual weather. In the west coast, it's flimsy weather. I've no other word to describe it. People who experienced both will get what I'm trying to say.
I quickly learned that
(1) actually staying dry all the time here was hopeless unless I carried the umbrella all the time, and
(2) most of the time if I forget it the rain just got me slightly damp which wasn't all that bad (except for my glasses), and
(3) when the rain was intense enough that I would not want to brave it without my umbrella, it usually only took a few minutes before it was back to the slightly damp kind of rain
and so really only needed it to keep the rain off my glasses.
That was easy to address with a hat with a brim that was a two or three inches wide. Occasionally the rain is accompanied by wind, which led to a second hat that had a wider brim (to deal with rain coming in at an angle) and a chin strap.
That is relatively rare in Seattle area. It is really more of a mist most of the time. Where I live there are so many giant trees that even when it's "raining" you often stay pretty dry.
As someone who recently lived in north GA, now temporarily in Florida, it's quite different too.
What someone would call a rainy day in GA ('I wake up, it's raining, and it rains all day') FL gets... maybe 4 non-hurricane days a year?
In contrast, rain in FL terms ('It's sunny, then the sky opens up and pours for 30 minute intervals between 3-6pm, between and after which it's also sunny') is essentially most of the summer.
To be fair, it reminds me of the videos people have of throwing water in the air and it freezing before it lands. That sounds fake just typing it. :)
High-wind thunderstorms with bad hail, yes, you’ll certainly get hit by a few of those, and I would be curious how they coped with them.
if "western" films have any accuracy, you push your horse to lie down, back to the storm, and you lie against him in between his feet, under a buffalo skin
Horses get increasingly skittish the higher the wind gets, even in "normal" conditions - I guess it makes it so they can't smell things downwind of them, so it's an evolutionary thing.
When wind gets high, horses get really spooked.
No way in hell would I put myself between or anywhere near horse legs during a tornado. That's just asking to die. From the horse, not the tornado.
Yeah!
Just meant that inanimate objects, even ones they've seen before, are also sometimes suspect.
That old tractor? The one that's been rusting in the same spot for years? Well TODAY it's spooky, because... no reason.
"What's the best thing about a horse?"
"They taste like chicken."
But I guess you get suddenly kicked, bit, leaned on, etc., you develop strong feelings on the matter.
... oddly enough, he's rather fond of cows.
you don't know it's a hailstorm till you're in it, prior to that it's just a storm you see coming across the plain. And while a singular horse does get skittish, the idea here I think is that the horse finds the calm presence of its owner to be soothing.
(I’ve read that Lucas was extremely influenced by western films, I guess I know where that one came from now).
I've also witnessed two waterspouts: one large, thankfully at a distance, and another at about a half-mile.
They’re scary in theory, and in-fact if you have bad luck, but the acreage directly damaged by a tornado every year just isn’t that big, considering the size of tornado country.
I doubt the natives living here had any particular strategy for avoiding tornados specifically, though they may have had beliefs and practices concerning them and certainly must have had things they did to stay safe in severe thunderstorms more generally. Not because they were incapable of coming up with such (far from it) but because direct experience with a tornado (not just seeing it, but having one come near enough for avoidance or even sheltering strategies to apply, beyond what you’d do for any stormy weather) is fairly rare.
(scroll down to 'storm on the plains')
It does vary by tribe, this is just one I had bookmarked. I researched the topic a few years ago after the Derecho event.
Also, these storms are one of the reasons why a lot of north american tribes didn't really nail down agriculture or settlement-building like the Aztecs did. When you plan on a storm deleting your construction once or twice a year, you optimize for something else.
And because I know there are a ton of coastal US folks here, east-of-Rockies / west-of-Appalachians has storms of a whole different breed. In terms of ferocity and suddenness.
FWIW, that question is itself very modern. You can find the seeds of it in many cultures and histories, and analogize it to certain folk stories, but you can very successfully navigate a world that simply "is" without all that "what" and "why" business we get intensely caught up in now.
Having some cultural wisdom that reminds you to move camp under certain season, climate, or weather patterns will get your culture through lifetimes of tornadoes without ever spending much thought on "what" tornadoes are (whatever that even means).
(Edit: although, re-reading my comment from earlier, I can see what you responded to in it. I could have written it more clearly.)
Their assumptions about climate being tied to latitude proved incorrect, as the extreme seasons and severe storms differed from the more moderate European climates. They were also unaware of how eastward-flowing air masses and the tail end of the Little Ice Age were affecting North American weather.
What happened here? One theory of the Little Ice Age is that it was caused by the depopulation of the native Americans after exposure to the Europeans. That theory would have had a hard time getting off the ground if the Little Ice Age was wrapping up just as Europeans arrived in America.
But of course it turns out that that's not at all the case:
> The Little Ice Age (LIA) was a period of regional cooling, particularly pronounced in the North Atlantic region. It was not a true ice age of global extent. The term was introduced into scientific literature by François E. Matthes in 1939. The period has been conventionally defined as extending from the 16th to the 19th centuries
( https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Little_Ice_Age )
By contrast with the article, the colony of Virgina dates from the early 17th century.
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