> Pythagorean triples to measure right angles ... But that's not a theorem, just an observation. It becomes a theorem when you prove (i.e. explain why) this relationship always holds, based on more evident things. The Babylonian tablet mentioned in the article doesn't seem to do anything like that
according to the article, this Babylonian tablet does come closer to theorem than you are suggesting. They weren't using Pythagorean triples, rather they figured out that the diagonal of a unit square is the square root of 2, and knew how to calculate that:
1 + 24/60 + 51/602 + 10/603 = 1.414213