A quick litmus test would be any car that is able to connect to the internet or to a manufacturer app on a smartphone.
My car (Honda EDM) is 2018 and is - if we want to make lousy parallels - essentially a "dumb phone". Sadly I will have to get rid of it and buy an electric or plug-in hybrid due to legislation. The only way not to get my soul sucked in would be to keep it airgapped, if that's even possible.
The whole situation is an all too perfect example of "if they can do it, they will": the moment there was an upstream link manufacturers jumped on the occasion to mass-enshitify their cars.
Of note, Mazda is conspicuously absent from the report, I would have been quite curious about their stance here given they were among the rare ones resisting the virtual-knobs-on-a-big-screen move.