The aurora is a notable exception. Long exposure is key to gathering enough light for detecting vibrant colors. I suspect that pupil dilation (via diagnostic eye drops, MDMA, etc.) could help, but I haven't tested this hypothesis.
If you have a good storm and are far enough up to the pole, you do not need long exposure. Aurora was already famous before photography.
Aurora colors are visible to the naked eye. I've seen it myself.
Likewise, but I meant as vibrant as in photos.
Yes, but I will never drive the road to Prudhoe Bay, so pictures are the nearest I will ever get to seeing it.