But iirc following the "Launch Instance" wizard and choosing defaults for everything, as well as a (default) public subnet gives the exact thing you're asking for.
Stated justification was "If we don't bake this in now, it'll be harder to do later", but it was mostly a couple fokls in charge wanted to learn new stuff (someone said that out loud later, confirming my concerns about resume-driven-development).
EDIT: FWIW, my couple small experiences with lightsail itself were fine. Seems like a decent onramp to ease in to the AWS ecosystem, if that's on your roadmap.
A default VPC is created automatically. For simple projects, that's good enough.
> internet gateway and at least one subnet/route table pointing to the igw
Only if you have a private subnet.