Huh. This reminds me of why the world so needs Linux. That they could just take off the shelf tools & plug around for a bit, learning & understanding a complex situation with crude & fast debugging, knowing only a little of the internals, and in the end improve their own situation clearly. And then they could share that knowledge with others in such a clear manner.
Nothing else in computing is like this. We just cannot help ourselves & each other in most realms of computing: we must be content with what we are given, as it is.
In almost all probability the linux system either doesn't have a GPU capable of running this high pixel clock or the cable/connector can't handle it. I'd love to know what the Mac & windows machines do; do they run 60Hz too or are they pushing all 144Hz here successfully? This seems very likely to be a cable issue, one I don't expect windows nor Mac deal with particularly excellently.