It's interesting, because there is indeed a system in the EU known as carbon allowances. While everyone and their dog can buy offsets, allowances exist in the EU and California (I think?) which are a legal mandate that firms must purchase which are necessary to pollute. There's even tradeable products based on this, and the market seems healthy enough. Offsets are definitely a scam, but I'd love to hear anyone else's opinion on allowances.
https://climate.ec.europa.eu/eu-action/eu-emissions-trading-...
Allowances
https://sparkchange.io/wp-content/uploads/2022/09/SparkChang...
Guide on allowances from a firm that sells a physically backed allowances product