Similar to aircraft and ship captains. They operate under a litany of rules, but in an emergency they are recognized as the person in control and they may deviate from rules as necessary based on their experienced and professional judgement.
In other words, if breaking the rules is the prudent thing to do, you aren’t just empowered to break the rules, you are required to. There is no such thing as stand your ground rules at sea.
Of those I like 2 and 3 the best. For 2, it can help influence them to make better decisions (i.e., seek more training ahead of time). For 3, it seems to be the most fair to the person in charge.
It’s helped by making a mistake usually doesn’t leave someone alive to yell at.