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Okay, you've made me want to learn about it. Where do I start? What concepts do I need to understand? Any reading recommendations?

Haven't read through it, but I suspect this would be a good place to start: https://cpu.land/

Drepper's "What every programmer should know about memory", though you mightn't find it all interesting. https://gwern.net/doc/cs/hardware/2007-drepper.pdf