GPS signals are much higher frequency and very low power and thus don’t work indoors. These HF time signals are way more powerful and can be detected inside buildings.
With a $20 antenna placed near the window, together with a modern receiver, it is easy to get nanosecond level of precision for GPS systems. Some receivers even have in-door precision specification.
GPS not only work indoors, in terms of timing, it works actually pretty well indoors.